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The Classification of Galaxies: Early History and Ongoing Developments
"You ask what is the use of classification, arrangement,systematization. I answer you; order and simplification are the firststeps toward the mastery of a subject the actual enemy is the unknown."
| Hα Imaging of Early-Type Sa-Sab Spiral Galaxies. II. Global Properties
New results, based on one of the most comprehensive Hα imagingsurveys of nearby Sa-Sab spirals completed to date, reveals early-typespirals to be a diverse group of galaxies that span a wide range inmassive star formation rates. While the majority of Sa-Sab galaxies inour sample are forming stars at a modest rate, a significant fraction(~29%) exhibit star formation rates greater than 1 Msolaryr-1, rivaling the most prolifically star-forming late-typespirals. A similar diversity is apparent in the star formation historyof Sa-Sab spirals as measured by their Hα equivalent widths.Consistent with our preliminary results presented in the first paper inthis series, we find giant H II regions [L(Hα)>=1039ergs s-1] in the disks of ~37% of early-type spirals. Wesuspect that recent minor mergers or past interactions are responsiblefor the elevated levels of Hα emission and, perhaps, for thepresence of giant H II regions in these galaxies. Our results, however,are not in total agreement with the Hα study of Kennicutt &Kent, who did not find any early-type spirals with Hα equivalentwidths >14 Å. A close examination of the morphologicalclassification of galaxies, however, suggests that systematicdifferences between the Revised Shapley-Ames Catalog and the SecondReference Catalogue may be responsible for the contrasting results.Based on observations obtained with the 3.5 m telescope at Apache PointObservatory (APO) and the 0.9 m telescope at Kitt Peak NationalObservatory (KPNO). The APO 3.5 m telescope is owned and operated by theAstrophysical Research Consortium.
| The ISOPHOT 170 μm Serendipity Survey II. The catalog of optically identified galaxies%
The ISOPHOT Serendipity Sky Survey strip-scanning measurements covering≈15% of the far-infrared (FIR) sky at 170 μm were searched forcompact sources associated with optically identified galaxies. CompactSerendipity Survey sources with a high signal-to-noise ratio in at leasttwo ISOPHOT C200 detector pixels were selected that have a positionalassociation with a galaxy identification in the NED and/or Simbaddatabases and a galaxy counterpart visible on the Digitized Sky Surveyplates. A catalog with 170 μm fluxes for more than 1900 galaxies hasbeen established, 200 of which were measured several times. The faintest170 μm fluxes reach values just below 0.5 Jy, while the brightest,already somewhat extended galaxies have fluxes up to ≈600 Jy. For thevast majority of listed galaxies, the 170 μm fluxes were measured forthe first time. While most of the galaxies are spirals, about 70 of thesources are classified as ellipticals or lenticulars. This is the onlycurrently available large-scale galaxy catalog containing a sufficientnumber of sources with 170 μm fluxes to allow further statisticalstudies of various FIR properties.Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments fundedby ESA Member States (especially the PI countries: France, Germany, TheNetherlands and the UK) and with the participation of ISAS and NASA.Members of the Consortium on the ISOPHOT Serendipity Survey (CISS) areMPIA Heidelberg, ESA ISO SOC Villafranca, AIP Potsdam, IPAC Pasadena,Imperial College London.Full Table 4 and Table 6 are only available in electronic form at theCDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/422/39
| Hα Imaging of Early-Type (SA-SAB) Spiral Galaxies. I.
Hα and continuum images are presented for 27 nearby early-type(Sa-Sab) spiral galaxies. Contrary to popular perception, the imagesreveal copious massive star formation in some of these galaxies. Adetermination of the Hα morphology and a measure of the Hαluminosity suggest that early-type spirals can be classified into twobroad categories based on the luminosity of the largest H II region inthe disk. The first category includes galaxies for which the individualH II regions have L_Hα<10^39 ergs s^-1. Most of the category 1galaxies appear to be morphologically undisturbed but show a widediversity in nuclear Hα properties. The second category includesgalaxies that have at least one H II region in the disk withL_Hα>=10^39 ergs s^-1. All category 2 galaxies show eitherprominent dust lanes or other morphological peculiarities such as tidaltails, which suggests that the anomalously luminous H II regions incategory 2 galaxies may have formed as a result of a recent interaction.The observations, which are part of an ongoing Hα survey, revealearly-type spirals to be a heterogeneous class of galaxies that areevolving in the current epoch. We have also identified some systematicdifferences between the classifications of spiral galaxies in the SecondGeneral Catalog and the Revised Shapley-Ames Catalog that may be tracedto subtle variations in the application of the criteria used forclassifying spiral galaxies. An examination of earlier studies suggeststhat perceptions concerning the Hubble-type dependence of star formationrates among spiral galaxies depends on the choice of catalog.
| Total magnitude, radius, colour indices, colour gradients and photometric type of galaxies
We present a catalogue of aperture photometry of galaxies, in UBVRI,assembled from three different origins: (i) an update of the catalogueof Buta et al. (1995) (ii) published photometric profiles and (iii)aperture photometry performed on CCD images. We explored different setsof growth curves to fit these data: (i) The Sersic law, (ii) The net ofgrowth curves used for the preparation of the RC3 and (iii) A linearinterpolation between the de Vaucouleurs (r(1/4) ) and exponential laws.Finally we adopted the latter solution. Fitting these growth curves, wederive (1) the total magnitude, (2) the effective radius, (3) the colourindices and (4) gradients and (5) the photometric type of 5169 galaxies.The photometric type is defined to statistically match the revisedmorphologic type and parametrizes the shape of the growth curve. It iscoded from -9, for very concentrated galaxies, to +10, for diffusegalaxies. Based in part on observations collected at the Haute-ProvenceObservatory.
| The Fueling of Nuclear Activity. I. A Near-Infrared Imaging Survey of Seyfert and Normal Galaxies
We present near-infrared, modified K-band images of a sample of Seyfertand control galaxies. Our sample includes all known Seyfert galaxies inthe Revised Shapely-Ames Catalog and Sandage & Tammann's 1987extension to the RSA with recessional velocities less than 5000 km s-1and logarithmic axial ratios less than 0.2 (excluding the two early-typeSeyfert galaxies Centaurus A and Perseus A). A control sample of normalgalaxies, matched to the Seyfert sample in Hubble type, redshift,inclination, and blue luminosity, has also been observed. To quantifythe incidence of bars in both samples, elliptical fits to the isophotesof each galaxy have been performed. In agreement with earlier studies,we find that many galaxies classified as unbarred in the optical,display evidence for bars in the near-infrared.
| Lopsided Spiral Galaxies and a Limit on the Galaxy Accretion Rate
We present a measurement of lopsidedness for the stellar disks of 60field spiral galaxies in terms of the azimuthal m = 1 Fourier amplitude,A1, of the stellar light. We confirm the previous result (Rix &Zaritsky) that ~30% of field spiral galaxies in a magnitude-limitedsample exhibit significant lopsidedness ( >= 0.2) atlarge radii (R > 1.5 disk scalelengths). We conjecture that thislopsidedness is caused by tidal interactions and calculate an upperlimit on the accretion rate of small galaxies. We exploit thecorrelation between lopsidedness and photometric measures of recent starformation (Zaritsky) to obtain two independent estimates of the lifetimeof these m = 1 distortions. First, we show that lopsided galaxies havean excess of blue luminosity relative to that of symmetric galaxies withthe same H I linewidth, which we attribute to a recent star formationepisode that was triggered by an interaction between the galaxy and acompanion. We use stellar population models (Bruzual & Charlot) toestimate the time since that interaction. Second, we use the N-bodysimulation of an infalling satellite by Walker, Mihos, & Hernquistto estimate how fast tidally induced m = 1 distortions are erasedthrough phase mixing. Both approaches indicate that the observations areconsistent with a hypothesized tidal interaction that occurred about 1Gyr ago for galaxies that are lopsided at the 20% level. By combiningthis lifetime estimate for lopsidedness, the observed frequency of suchdistortions, and a correction to the survey volume that depends on theincrease in luminosity during an interaction, we derive an upper limiton the current companion accretion rate of field spiral galaxies (forcompanion masses ~10% parent galaxy mass) that lies in the range0.07--0.25 Gyr-1. The principal uncertainty in this limit arises fromambiguities in the interpretation of the correlation betweenlopsidedness and MB.
| Massive Star Formation Along the Hubble Sequence
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1997AJ....113..599D&db_key=AST
| Dust and CO emission in normal spirals. I. The data.
We present 1300μm continuum observations and measurements of the CO(1-0) and (2-1) emission from the inner regions of 98 normal galaxies.The spatial resolution ranges from 11" to 45". The sources come from acomplete FIR selected sample of 138 inactive spirals with an opticaldiameter D_25_<=180".
| First data from the ISOPHOT FIR Serendipity survey.
The ISOPHOT Serendipity Survey fills the otherwise unused slew timebetween ISO's fine pointings with measurements in an unexploredwavelength regime near 200μm. First results of the Serendipity Surveydemonstrate its capabilities in the detection of extragalactic pointsources as well as in investigations of the galactic infrared cirrus.With the detection limit for point sources of ~1Jy more than 3000galaxies will be observed.
| The Catalog of Southern Ringed Galaxies
The Catalog of Southern Ringed Galaxies (CSRG) is a comprehensivecompilation of diameters, axis ratios, relative bar position angles, andmorphologies of inner and outer rings, pseudorings, and lenses in 3692galaxies south of declination -17 deg. The purpose of the catalog is toevaluate the idea that these ring phenomena are related to orbitalresonances with a bar or oval in galaxy potentials. The catalog is basedon visual inspection of most of the 606 fields of the Science ResearchCouncil (SRC) IIIa-J southern sky survey, with the ESO-B, ESO-R, andPalomar Sky surveys used as auxiliaries when needed for overexposed coreregions. The catalog is most complete for SRC fields 1-303 (mostly southof declination -42 deg). In addition to ringed galaxies, a list of 859mostly nonringed galaxies intended for comparison with other catalogs isprovided. Other findings from the CSRG that are not based on statisticsare the identification of intrinsic bar/ring misalignment; bars whichunderfill inner rings; dimpling of R'1pseudorings; pointy, rectangular, or hexagonal inner or outer ringshapes; a peculiar polar-ring-related system; and other extreme examplesof spiral structure and ring morphology.
| A Preliminary Classification Scheme for the Central Regions of Late-Type Galaxies
The large-scale prints in The Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies have been usedto formulate a classification scheme for the central regions oflate-type galaxies. Systems that exhibit small bright central bulges ordisks (type CB) are found to be of earlier Hubble type and of higherluminosity than galaxies that do not contain nuclei (type NN). Galaxiescontaining nuclear bars, or exhibiting central regions that are resolvedinto individual stars and knots, and galaxies with semistellar nuclei,are seen to have characteristics that are intermediate between those oftypes CB and NN. The presence or absence of a nucleus appears to be auseful criterion for distinguishing between spiral galaxies andmagellanic irregulars.
| Integrated photoelectric magnitudes and color indices of bright galaxies in the Johnson UBV system
The photoelectric total magnitudes and color indices published in theThird Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC3) are based on ananalysis of approximately equals 26,000 B, 25,000 B-V, and 17,000 U-Bmultiaperture measurements available up to mid 1987 from nearly 350sources. This paper provides the full details of the analysis andestimates of internal and external errors in the parameters. Thederivation of the parameters is based on techniques described by theVaucouleurs & Corwin (1977) whereby photoelectric multiaperture dataare fitted by mean Hubble-type-dependent curves which describe theintegral of the B-band flux and the typical B-V and U-B integrated colorgradients. A sophisticated analysis of the residuals of thesemeasurements from the curves was made to allow for the random andsystematic errors that effect such data. The result is a homogeneous setof total magnitudes BTA total colors(B-V)T and (U-B)T, and effective colors(B-V)e and (U-B)e for more than 3000 brightgalaxies in RC3.
| General study of group membership. II - Determination of nearby groups
We present a whole sky catalog of nearby groups of galaxies taken fromthe Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic Database. From the 78,000 objects in thedatabase, we extracted a sample of 6392 galaxies, complete up to thelimiting apparent magnitude B0 = 14.0. Moreover, in order to considersolely the galaxies of the local universe, all the selected galaxieshave a known recession velocity smaller than 5500 km/s. Two methods wereused in group construction: a Huchra-Geller (1982) derived percolationmethod and a Tully (1980) derived hierarchical method. Each method gaveus one catalog. These were then compared and synthesized to obtain asingle catalog containing the most reliable groups. There are 485 groupsof a least three members in the final catalog.
| Photometry of luminous spiral galaxies in the direction of the Great Attractor
This paper presents photoelectric multiaperture BVI magnitudes for ahomogeneous sample of luminous spirals in the direction of the GreatAttractor. The total magnitudes B(T) and the mean colors (B - V) and (B- I) were determined for each galaxy and analyzed. The (B - I) colorchanges linearly with csc b over the range 3-10 and has a slope of 0.071mag. The A super bB values calculated from B - I agrees wellwith the A super bB values derived following the precepts ofBurstein and Heiles (1978). The (B - I) super b values show a slope of0.47 with log R. The corrected absolute magnitudes M superb,i,zB of spirals show little variation with luminosityclasses I, I-II, and II and have a dispersion of 0.85 mag. The samplewith well determined luminosities exhibits a uniform distribution overlog v up to v about 10,000 km/s. There is an indication that aselection-bias favoring higher luminosity galaxies sets in for spiralgalaxies with v greater than 10,000 km/s. The spirals with v less than10,000 km/s place a limit of about 500 km/s on peculiar velocities in ornear the Great Attractor.
| Redshifts of luminous spiral galaxies in the direction of the Great Attractor
The spatial distribution of a homogeneous samples of luminous spirals inthe direction of the 'Great Attractor' is studied. New radial velocitiesand published data yield redshifts for 94 percent of the sample. Thepresent survey, which does not include the cores of the Hydra andCentaurus clusters, shows no evidence for a major excess of velocitiesat or near the redshift of the Great Attractor. Luminous spirals withredshifts in the range 2000-4000 km/s are mainly distributed in a smallnumber of groups or clumps, whereas the spirals with redshifts in therange 4000-7000 km/s mostly appear to exhibit a rather smooth spatialdistribution.
| Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II - The catalogue of groups and group members
This paper gives a catalog of the groups and associations obtained bymeans of a revised hierarchical algorithm applied to a sample of 4143galaxies with diameters larger than 100 arcsec and redshifts smallerthan 6000 km/s. The 264 groups of galaxies obtained in this way (andwhich contain at least three sample galaxies) are listed, with the looseassociations surrounding them and the individual members of eachaggregate as well; moreover, the location of every entity among 13regions corresponding roughly to superclusters is specified. Finally,1729 galaxies belong to the groups, and 466 to the associations, i.e.,the total fraction of galaxies within the various aggregates amounts to53 percent.
| The supergalactic plane redshift survey
Redshift measurements, about 1000 of which are new, are presented for1314 galaxies in a survey toward the apex of the large-scale streamingflow for ellipticals. The velocity histogram shows that the excess ingalaxy number counts in this area is due to a substantial concentrationof galaxies with discrete peaks at V about 3000 km/s and V about 4500km/s. After correction for the sampling function, the centroid of thedensity distribution is found to be near V about 4500 km/s.Normalization to the more extensive SSRS survey, which was selected bythe same criteria, shows that the region studied contains a considerableoverdensity of galaxies from 2000 to 6000 km/s. This result is in goodagreement with the 'great attractor' model suggested by Lynden-Bell etal. (1988) which attributes the peculiar motions of elliptical galaxiesover a large region of space to an extensive mass overdensity whichincludes the Hydra-Centaurus and Pavo-Indus superclusters. The centroidof the density enhancement is also consistent with new data by Dresslerand Faber (1990) of peculiar motions of elliptical and spiral galaxies,both of which show a zero crossing of the Hubble line at approximately4500-5000 km/s.
| Revised supernova rates in Shapley-Ames galaxies
Observations of 855 Shapley Ames galaxies made from November 1, 1980 toOctober 31, 1988, together with improved supernova luminosities, havebeen used to derive the frequency of supernovae of different types, andthe results are presented in tables. From a uniform database of 24supernovae discovered, the following SN rates are found, expressed in SNper century per 10 to the 10th L(B)(solar): SN Ia, 0.3; SN Ib, 0.3; andSN II, 1.0. The present data confirm the relatively high frequency of SNII in late-type galaxies that has been found by many previousinvestigators.
| A survey of high-luminosity spirals in the direction of the great attractor
Luminosity-classification techniques have been used to study galaxies in33 SRC Schmidt fields centered on the position of 'The Great Attractor'.A catalog and finding charts are given for 191 spiral galaxies, whichare probably of DDO luminosity classes I, I-II, or II. Radial velocitiesof these objects should provide considerable insight into thethree-dimensional structure of this region of space. The surfacedistribution of galaxies in the survey area is seen to be stronglyaffected by Galactic absorption. It is therefore not clear if anysignificance should be attached to the observation that there is noobvious concentration of galaxies at, or near, the position of The GreatAttractor.
| The stellar-free emission component in galactic nuclei - At low-levels, evidence for shock ionization
The emission-line component in a sample of 92 galaxies was isolatedusing stellar absorption templates built from emission-free star clusterspectra and taking into account all sources of reddening extrinsic tothe line emitting regions, and the emission line properties werestatistically analyzed. Three characteristic average spectra were built,including those corresponding to nuclear H II regions, objectsidentified as LINERs, and extreme low-level emission galaxies with W(em)of not greater than 2 A. For the latter, line measurements were pusheddown to very low level. The measurements of the ratio between forbiddenS II line and forbidden S III line indicate that, in the extremelow-level emission galaxies, the shock ionization is the mechanism atwork.
| A case for H0 = 42 and Omega(0) = 1 using luminous spiral galaxies and the cosmological time scale test
The two principal methods of finding the Hubble velocity-distance ratiosfor individual galaxies are compared, and it is shown that one route toH0 is flawed by selection effects when using flux-limited catalogs. Theproof is made by analyzing two sets of catalogs that reach differentapparent flux levels, so that selection effects are shown directly. Theoptical data on field spiral galaxies of the brightest van den Berghluminosity class are analyzed. Calibration using M31, M81, and M101which have Cepheid distances gives H0 = 42 + or - 11 km/s/Mpc. It isshown that all values of H0 derived by the method of assigning a fixedabsolute magnitude to any given distance indicator is subject tosystematic error, giving too large an H0 value if uncorrected for bias.The age of the globular clusters is adopted to be 13.5 + or - 1 Gyr, andthe age of the universe is put at 14.9 + or - 2 Gyr. A value of Omega(0)= 1.2 + 3 or - 0.9 with Lambda = 0 is obtained.
| Population synthesis in galactic nuclei using a library of star clusters
A novel galactic-nucleus population-synthesis technique is described anddemonstrated. The procedure is applicable to normal nuclei of E/S0 andspiral galaxies and employs a data base of integrated star-clusterspectra, thus reducing the number of parameters in the analysis to two(age and metallicity), as proposed by Bica and Alloin (1986). Resultsare presented in extensive tables and spectra and discussed in detail.The populations in the E/S0s with normal metallicity/luminosityrelations are found to comprise mainly stars older than 10 Gyr, withsome as young as about 5 Gyr; younger groups are superimposed on older,solar-metallicity populations in the bluer spirals. In NGC 5236, forexample, 87 and 57 percent of the flux at 400 and 900 nm, respectively,is attributed to stars younger than about 300 Myr.
| The supernova rate in Shapley-Ames galaxies
A visual search for SNs in 748 Shapley-Ames galaxies during the 5-yearperiod from November 1, 1980 to October 31, 1985 has yielded SN rates of0.3h-squared, 0.4h-squared, and 1.1h-squared for objects of types Ia,Ib, and II, respectively. These data are judged to imply that Tammann's(1974, 1982) SN rates are probably too high by a factor of about 3. Fora Galactic luminosity of 2 x 10 to the 10th solar L(B), the predicted SNrates in the Milky Way system are 0.6h-squared, 0.8h-squared, and2.2h-squared/century, respectively, for the three aforementioned types.
| Analysis of absorption-line spectra in a sample of 164 galactic nuclei
Spectral observations in the 3700-8000 A range of 154 normal galacticnuclei, two amorphous galaxies, and eight intrinsically faint activenuclei whose visible spectrum is dominated by the stellar component arediscussed. A typical red, strong-lined spectrum is found for each groupfrom E to Sb in the -23.2 to -19.0 luminosity range, as well as for thevery luminous Sbc and Sc galaxies, although a few atypical nucleiexhibit variable contents of bluer stellar components. No prototype canbe assigned to the Sbc and Sc galaxies in the -21.9 to -19.0 luminosityrange. Analysis of the equivalent widths shows that the CN 4216-4250 Afeature has the largest dynamical range as a function of metallicity. Itis suggested that young stars are responsible for the blue colors inNGC2865, 4382, and 5102, and that metal-poor stars do not contributesignificantly.
| BV photometry and radial velocities of southern spiral galaxies
Multiaperture photoelectric photometry for 119 southern spiral galaxiesand heliocentric velocities for 98 southern spiral galaxies obtainedfrom image-tube spectrograms are presented. The data were collected in1976, 1977, and 1978 at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. Themagnitude and (B-V) color index are compared with aperture diameter inorder to determine if the present data correlate with previousmeasurements. The comparison reveals that the data correspond. Theinternal measurement error of the radial velocities is estimated; it isobserved that the internal error for one measurement is 41 km/sec.
| Study of a complete sample of galaxies. II - Spectroscopy of the nuclei
Spectroscopic observations of a complete sample of 320 galaxies (fromthe Revised Shapley Ames Catalog of Sandage and Tammann, 1981) withdeclination less than or equal to +20 deg, galactocentric velocity lessthan 3000 km/s, and absolute magnitude brighter than M(B) = -21.0 arereported. The 400-700-nm spectra were obtained with resolution about 1nm using the Boller and Chivens spectrograph and image-dissector scannerat the Cassegrain focus of the 1.52-m telescope at ESO on 36 nightsduring 1980-1983. The data are presented in extensive tables and spectraand briefly characterized. The majority of the spectra are classified asH II regions ionized by hot stars or as Seyfert-like nebulosities.
| Southern Galaxy Catalogue.
Not Available
| Inner ring structures in galaxies as distance indicators. III - Distances to 453 spiral and lenticular galaxies
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1983ApJS...51..149B&db_key=AST
| UBV photometry of 262 southern galaxies
Multiaperture photometry of 262 bright southern galaxies in the JohnsonUBV system is given. Most of these are south of -30 deg declination,although some northward to -10 deg are included. A total of 169 objectshave published radial-velocity determinations. These provide distancesand enable construction of color-magnitude diagrams for this subset ofobjects through a physical diameter of 2.0 kpc (with H = 100). Thetwo-color diagrams for the inner regions of the galaxies differ fromthose of integrated galaxies due to the color changes towards theircenters. Comparison with theoretical models of Larson and Tinsley (1978)suggest that the colors of the inner portions of most ellipticals andlenticulars are consistent with their having all stars formed at nearlyone epoch with little subsequent star formation, while for spiralslarger amounts of star formation, either in bursts or continuously, aresuggested. This simple picture is complicated by the presence of certainobjects having peculiar colors indicative of large amounts of recentstar formation.
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