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Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups
In this paper we describe the Nearby Optical Galaxy (NOG) sample, whichis a complete, distance-limited (cz<=6000 km s-1) andmagnitude-limited (B<=14) sample of ~7000 optical galaxies. Thesample covers 2/3 (8.27 sr) of the sky (|b|>20deg) andappears to have a good completeness in redshift (97%). We select thesample on the basis of homogenized corrected total blue magnitudes inorder to minimize systematic effects in galaxy sampling. We identify thegroups in this sample by means of both the hierarchical and thepercolation ``friends-of-friends'' methods. The resulting catalogs ofloose groups appear to be similar and are among the largest catalogs ofgroups currently available. Most of the NOG galaxies (~60%) are found tobe members of galaxy pairs (~580 pairs for a total of ~15% of objects)or groups with at least three members (~500 groups for a total of ~45%of objects). About 40% of galaxies are left ungrouped (field galaxies).We illustrate the main features of the NOG galaxy distribution. Comparedto previous optical and IRAS galaxy samples, the NOG provides a densersampling of the galaxy distribution in the nearby universe. Given itslarge sky coverage, the identification of groups, and its high-densitysampling, the NOG is suited to the analysis of the galaxy density fieldof the nearby universe, especially on small scales.
| Arcsecond Positions of UGC Galaxies
We present accurate B1950 and J2000 positions for all confirmed galaxiesin the Uppsala General Catalog (UGC). The positions were measuredvisually from Digitized Sky Survey images with rms uncertaintiesσ<=[(1.2")2+(θ/100)2]1/2,where θ is the major-axis diameter. We compared each galaxymeasured with the original UGC description to ensure high reliability.The full position list is available in the electronic version only.
| An X-Ray Survey of Galaxies in Pairs
Results are reported from the first survey of X-ray emission fromgalaxies in pairs. The sample consists of 52 pairs of galaxies from theCatalog of Paired Galaxies whose coordinates overlap the ROSAT PositionSensitive Proportional Counter pointed observations. The mean observedlogl_X for early-type pairs is 41.35+/-0.21, while the mean logl_Xpredicted using the l_X-l_b relationship for isolated early-typegalaxies is 42.10+/-0.19. With 95% confidence, the galaxies in pairs areunderluminous in the X-ray, compared with isolated galaxies, for thesame l_b. A significant fraction of the mixed pair sample also appearssimilarly underluminous. A spatial analysis shows that the X-rayemission from pairs of both types typically has an extent of ~10-50 kpc,much smaller than the group intergalactic medium, and thus likelyoriginates from the galaxies. CPG 564, the most X-ray luminousearly-type pair, 4.7x10^42 ergs s^-1, is an exception. The extent of itsX-ray emission, greater than 169 kpc, and HWHM, ~80 kpc, is comparableto that expected from an intergalactic medium. The sample shows only aweak correlation, ~81% confidence, between l_X and l_b, presumably dueto variations in gas content within the galaxies. No correlation betweenl_X and the pair velocity difference (Deltav), separation (Deltar), orfar-infrared luminosity (l_fir) is found, although the detection rate islow, 22%.
| A catalogue of Mg_2 indices of galaxies and globular clusters
We present a catalogue of published absorption-line Mg_2 indices ofgalaxies and globular clusters. The catalogue is maintained up-to-datein the HYPERCAT database. The measurements are listed together with thereferences to the articles where the data were published. A codeddescription of the observations is provided. The catalogue gathers 3541measurements for 1491 objects (galaxies or globular clusters) from 55datasets. Compiled raw data for 1060 galaxies are zero-point correctedand transformed to a homogeneous system. Tables 1, 3, and 4 areavailable in electronic form only at the CDS, Strasbourg, via anonymousftp 130.79.128.5. Table 2 is available both in text and electronic form.
| Total magnitude, radius, colour indices, colour gradients and photometric type of galaxies
We present a catalogue of aperture photometry of galaxies, in UBVRI,assembled from three different origins: (i) an update of the catalogueof Buta et al. (1995) (ii) published photometric profiles and (iii)aperture photometry performed on CCD images. We explored different setsof growth curves to fit these data: (i) The Sersic law, (ii) The net ofgrowth curves used for the preparation of the RC3 and (iii) A linearinterpolation between the de Vaucouleurs (r(1/4) ) and exponential laws.Finally we adopted the latter solution. Fitting these growth curves, wederive (1) the total magnitude, (2) the effective radius, (3) the colourindices and (4) gradients and (5) the photometric type of 5169 galaxies.The photometric type is defined to statistically match the revisedmorphologic type and parametrizes the shape of the growth curve. It iscoded from -9, for very concentrated galaxies, to +10, for diffusegalaxies. Based in part on observations collected at the Haute-ProvenceObservatory.
| A catalogue of spatially resolved kinematics of galaxies: Bibliography
We present a catalogue of galaxies for which spatially resolved data ontheir internal kinematics have been published; there is no a priorirestriction regarding their morphological type. The catalogue lists thereferences to the articles where the data are published, as well as acoded description of these data: observed emission or absorption lines,velocity or velocity dispersion, radial profile or 2D field, positionangle. Tables 1, 2, and 3 are proposed in electronic form only, and areavailable from the CDS, via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (to130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Classification of colliding galaxies
Not Available
| The fundamental plane of early-type galaxies: stellar populations and mass-to-light ratio.
We analyse the residuals to the fundamental plane (FP) of ellipticalgalaxies as a function of stellar-population indicators; these are basedon the line-strength parameter Mg_2_ and on UBVRI broad-band colors, andare partly derived from new observations. The effect of the stellarpopulations accounts for approximately half the observed variation ofthe mass-to-light ratio responsible for the FP tilt. The residual tiltcan be explained by the contribution of two additional effects: thedependence of the rotational support, and possibly that of the spatialstructure, on the luminosity. We conclude to a constancy of thedynamical-to-stellar mass ratio. This probably extends to globularclusters as well, but the dominant factor would be here the luminositydependence of the structure rather than that of the stellar population.This result also implies a constancy of the fraction of dark matter overall the scalelength covered by stellar systems. Our compilation ofinternal stellar kinematics of galaxies is appended.
| A Catalog of Stellar Velocity Dispersions. II. 1994 Update
A catalog of central velocity dispersion measurements is presented,current through 1993 September. The catalog includes 2474 measurementsof 1563 galaxies. A standard set of 86 galaxies is defined, consistingof galaxies with at least three reliable, concordant measurements. It issuggested that future studies observe some of these standard galaxies sothat different studies can be normalized to a consistent system. Allmeasurements are reduced to a normalized system using these standards.
| Total and effective colors of 501 galaxies in the Cousins VRI photometric system
Total color indices (V-R)T, (V-I)T and effectivecolor indices (V-R)e, (V-I)e in the Cousins VRIphotometric system are presented for 501 mostly normal galaxies. Thecolors are computed using a procedure outlined in the Third ReferenceCatalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC3) whereby standard color curvesapproximated by Laplace-Gauss integrals are fitted to observedphotoelectric multiaperture photometry. 11 sources of such photometrywere used for our analysis, each source being assigned an appropriateweight according to a rigorous analysis of residuals of the data fromthe best-fitting standard color curves. Together with the integrated B-Vand U-B colors provided in RC3, our analysis widens the range ofwavelength of homogeneously defined colors of normal galaxies of allHubble types. We present color-color and color-type relations that canbe modeled to understand the star formation history of galaxies.
| The spatial distribution of supernovae in paired and interacting galaxies
In order to investigate the location of supernovae (SNe) in paired andinteracting galaxies, the 54 supernovae discovered up to May 1993 in 14Isolated Pairs of Galaxies and the 32 Interacting Systems were taken asa sample and studied. The whole sample of SNe, as well as a subsampleformed of type II, and Ib SNe, whose progenitors are young massivestars, do not appear in any one particluar direction with respect to thecompanion. On paired and interacting galaxies, the radial distributionof type Ib and II SNe peaks more toward the galaxy centers than it doesin isolated galaxies, indicating an enhanced Star Formation Rate (SFR)around the nuclei and in the inner disks. The distribution of SNIaappear similar in both samples, confirming that their progenitors arenot the same as those of SNII and IB. The SN rates are related to galaxyluminosity and, as expected, the discovery of SNe is twice more frequentin the brighter galaxy of the pair than in fainter ones. We did not findany relation between the locations of SNe in parent galaxies, the totalStar Formation activity and the kinematics of paired and interactinggalaxies.
| Stellar dynamics in E+E pairs of galaxies. 2: Simulations and interpretation
We have presented in a companion article a kinematic study of three E+Egalaxy pairs, NGC741/742, 1587/1588 (CPG 99) and 2672/2673 (CPG 175). Wefind some evidence for perturbed velocity dispersion profiles. Theseperturbation features are now reported for 14 galaxies in theliterature. They occur, or require observations for detection, at largeradii where the S/N in the data is low. While observations of individualgalaxies are sometimes uncertain, the large number of objects where suchfeatures are suspected gives confidence that they are real. Theseperturbations can be attributed to projection effects contaminationalong the line of sight, or directly to the tidal interaction. We reportthe results of several self-gravitating simulations of unbound pairs inan effort to better understand these perturbations another genericfeatures of close E+E pairs reported in the literature. The modelsfrequently show off-center envelopes created by the asymmetry of tidalforces during interpenetrating encounters. The envelopes last for a few108 yrs, which explains the frequency of such features inobserved pairs. This phenomenon is stronger in the self-gravitatingsimulations than in the MTBA runs. U-shaped (and an equal number ofinverse U shaped velocity profiles are seen in the simulations, a resultof ablation in the outer envelopes. Simulations including inner galaxyrotation also preserve this feature, irrespective of the spin vectordirection in each galaxy. U-shape velocity structure is found to be arobust indicator of the ongoing interaction. All simulations showevidence for enhanced velocity dispersion between the galaxies even inthe case of simple superposition of two non interacting objects. Wetherefore conclude that this cannot be considered an unambiguousindicator of the interaction.
| Stellar dynamics in E+E pairs of galaxies. 1: NGC 741/742, 1587/88 and 2672/73. The data
We present a kinematic study ofthree E+E galaxy pairs, NGC, 741/642,1587/1588 (CPG 99) and 2672/2673 (CPG 175) All three pairs show asimilar morpological distortion (i.e. the off-centering of inner versusouter isphototes; Davoust & Prungniel 1988) which is ascribed to theongoing interaction. The data was obtained at the CFHT equipped with theHerzberg Spectrograph at a resolution of 0.88 A px-1 NGC741and 2673 show significant rotation along the apparent minor axis. Bothcomponents of CPG 99 rotate very fast (with no evidence for rotationalong the mirror axis of either component). None of the galaxies showabnormally high central velocity dispersion. We report some of the firstclear detections of well defined velocity dispersions curves forinteracting pairs. They show a systematic decrease with distance fromthe center, as expected for normal ellipticals. They do not show obviousheating in the outer parts as was previously reported. NGC 741 and 2672show, respectively, possible U and inverse U-shaped structure in theirvelocity profiles.
| Interacting binary galaxies. 7: Kinematic data for 12 disturbed ellipticals
We have analyzed long-slit spectroscopic data for a sample of 12 tidallydisturbed elliptical galaxies. The spectra were obtained with the KittPeak National Observatory (KPNO) 4 m RC spectrograph. Rotation curvesand velocity dispersion profiles have been measured at a variety ofposition angles in these galaxies and have been used to analyze thedynamical response and internal kinematics of stellar systems involvedin strong gravitational encounters. We have confirmed with these dataour previous observation that such galaxies often reveal U-shaped'rotation' profiles, indicative of a strong resonant tidal effect amongthose stars that are moving prograde with respect to the galacticencounter. Additional kinematic peculiarities, including U-shaped andW-shaped velocity dispersion profiles, are also revealed in these data.The observed morphologies of the tidal features seen in some of thesample galaxies are consistent with the idea that elliptical galaxiesoften contain an embedded disk component. Our velocity profiles alongnew position angles confirm the validity of tidal interaction modelsthat we previously derived for specific pairs in our sample using only asingle slit position angle per galaxy. Additional insight into possiblerefinements of those collision models has also resulted from this study.
| The low-mass extension of the fundamental plane of elliptical galaxies
A sample of 17 low-mass elliptical and elliptical-like galaxies wasbuilt with accurate photometric and spectroscopic data. This sample,covering a wide range in surface brightness, is in or near the low-massextension of the 'fundamental plane' defined by bright ellipticals, butshows a scatter which cannot be accounted for by measurement errors andwhich is thus probably due to a large variety of internal structures.Extending the analysis to globular clusters and dwarf spheroidals, it isfound that they are also near or within the fundamental plane, exceptfor two dwarfs suspected of having a high M/L. The range thus covered is20 in absolute magnitude. These results suggest that the fundamentalplane is a robust representation of the virial theorem, valid forellipticals and for other types of pressure-supported stellar systems aswell. It also indicates that the standard parameter relations are littlesensitive to specific formation processes, local environment, andstructural details, that may have an effect at a subtler level.
| Deep-sky wonders.
Not Available
| Interacting binary galaxies. VI - The fast encounter of NGC 2672 and NGC 2673 (Karachentsev 175, ARP 167)
The isolated pair of interacting ellipticals NGC 2672/2673 (Arp 167;Karachentsev 175), whose line-of-sight relative velocity is about 520km/s, is studied. This very unequal mass system features two low surfacebrightness plumes emerging from the secondary galaxy NGC 2673.Photometric data on the pair are described, and the distortions in thegalaxies and their photometric properties are discussed. Spectroscopicobservations of the pair and the velocity structures derived from theseare addressed. A physical solution for the pair is presented andexplained.
| Morphology of interacting elliptical galaxy pairs
The effect of galaxy interaction on the morphology of a galaxy pair wasinvestigated using the results of CCD-photometry of 20 elliptical galaxypairs. Deviations from undisturbed brightness profiles were interpretedin terms of ongoing tidal interaction. It was found that the morphologyof the interacting galaxy pairs deviates obviously from the morphologyof isolated elliptical galaxies, indicating a stage of efficientinteraction, with nonconcentric isophotes providing strong evidence ofongoing interaction. Brightness profiles of the brighter components ingalaxy pairs were usually extended in comparison with brightnessprofiles of isolated galaxies. Truncated brightness profiles, prevalentin most of the smaller components of galaxy pairs, are interpreted as aconsequence of a tidally limited galaxy radius imposed by the moremassive component.
| Two high-velocity encounters of elliptical galaxies
This paper describes results obtained on a simulation of twohigh-velocity encounters of NGC 4782/4783 and NGC 2672/2673 binaryelliptical galaxies which differ substantially in mass ratio (about 1for the first pair, and about 10 for the second). CCD images andvelocities obtained from digital spectra were used to constrainsimulations of the galaxy collisions. The binary orbital elements, theorientation of the orbit in the sky, the time since pericenter, and thedynamical mass of the pair were derived. Results suggested that thedumb-bell galaxy NGC 4782/4783 is not a supermassive galaxy, as wasclaimed earlier on the basis of the high relative velocity and highcentral dispersion, but has a moderate mass to luminosity ratio M/L(B)of about 10. It was concluded that its trajectory changed fromhyperbolic to elliptical as a result of energy lost during thecollision. It was found that the NGC 2672/2673 also has a moderateM/L(B) of about 7.
| Hierarchical pairs and the evolution of elliptical galaxies
Consideration is given to the photometric and kinematic characteristicsof galaxies in eight close pairs of ellipticals consisting of a brightgalaxy and a compact faint companion. Redshifts and central velocitydispersions are determined from high-dispersion spectra. Evidence ispresented for interaction in the pairs. The mean surface brightness andcentral velocity dispersions of the galaxies are tightly correlated withluminosity. Two sequences of ellipticals are defined, based on the workof Michard (1979). The galaxies in this study are sequence I galaxies.It is suggested that sequence II galaxies evolve toward sequence Igalaxies through dissipation of internal energy and loss of angularmomentum.
| UBVRI aperture photometry of early-type galaxies
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1988A&AS...72..215P&db_key=AST
| A morphological effect in pairs of elliptical galaxies
A morphological signature of gravitational interaction has been found ina sample of 50 close pairs of elliptical galaxies. The halos of bothgalaxies in five, and possibly more, pairs are off-center and thisoffset is symmetric with respect to the center of the pair. Among thephysical mechanisms that could be responsible for this morphologicaleffect, the displacement of the nucleus with respect to the halo in eachgalaxy or the formation of an asymmetric tidal bulge are the mostlikely. The observation of this effect should provide constraints on theinternal dynamics of elliptical galaxies, as well as on the dynamics ofpairs.
| Investigations of the Interacting Galaxy Pair NGC 2672/73
Not Available
| Spectroscopy and photometry of elliptical galaxies. III - UBV aperture photometry, CCD photometry, and magnitude-related parameters
Photoelectric aperture photometry of nearly 2000 individual observationsof 449 elliptical galaxies combined with published measurements usingthe self-consistent UVB color catalog developed by Burstein et al.(1987) are presented. The data are placed on a standard magnitude andcolor system, and 'total' magnitudes and effective diameters are derivedby comparison with the standard elliptical magnitude growth curve. Agraphical representation of the standard growth curve and the residualsfrom it for each galaxy are given, and a new diameter measurement Dn ispresented which can be measured reliably for elliptical galaxies andserves as an accurate distance indicator when combined with centralvelocity dispersion. Individual magnitudes, surface brightnesses,effective diameters, and values of Dn are summarized for each galaxy incatalog form.
| Spectroscopy and photometry of elliptical galaxies. II - The spectroscopic parameters
Radial velocities, velocity dispersions, and Mg line-strength indicesare measured for 469 elliptical galaxies using four telescope/detectorconfigurations. The data have been put on a common scale; the scatter ofrepeat measurements indicates an uncertainty of + or - 10 percent and +or - 0.01 mag for single determinations of sigma and Mg2, respectively.A correction for the change in linear aperture size as a function ofdistance has been derived, and mean corrected values of sigma and Mg2are adopted. The galaxies have been assigned to groups by combining thepresent velocities with those in the redshift catalog of Huchra et al.(1983) and using the algorithm of Huchra and Geller (1982).
| A statistical study of the relationship between galaxy interactions and nuclear activity
Small-aperture near- and mid-infrared photometry of a complete sample ofinteracting galaxies has been obtained. Statistical comparison of thenuclear properties of these galaxies with samples of noninteractinggalaxies shows that signs of abnormal nuclear activity are much morecommon in interacting systems. In particular, a population of nucleiwith extremely luminous 10 micron emission is unique to the interactingsample. Roughly half of the interacting galaxies with nuclear 10 micronsources also exhibit evidence of extended 10 micron emission usingmeasurements from IRAS. The far-infrared luminosities of the interactingsample are also greater than those of representative selections ofnormal galaxies. The identification of extraluminous infrared emissionin a significant number of the surveyed galaxies suggests thatinteractions may in some way be associated with other high-luminosityphenomena such as Seyfert nuclei and QSOs.
| Radio continuum emission of nearby elliptical galaxies Statistical properties
A sample of 123 elliptical galaxies is compiled from optically selectedsamples observed at 1.4 GHz with the Westerbork Synthesis RadioTelescope. The analysis of the sample properties confirms thecorrelation of the radio continuum emission with optical luminosity, gascontent and roundness, but no indications for the influence of theenvironment are found. These results are discussed in relation to thehypothesis that accretion of gas onto the galaxy center is responsiblefor the radio emission.
| A 21 centimeter line survey of a complete sample of interacting and isolated galaxies
The paper presents 21 cm line observations of a complete sample ofinteracting and isolated galaxies made with the National Radio AstronomyObservatory 91 and 43 m telescopes and the Arecibo 3035 m telescope. The21 cm line data are combined with a homogeneous set of optical data onangular diameters, axial ratios, magnitudes, and colors, and integralproperties are calculated for the galaxies in both samples. In thispaper, the sample selection procedures, the method of observation, thedata reduction, and the observational errors are described. Thedetection percentages are presented for both samples.
| Velocity dispersion profiles of clusters of galaxies
Line-of-sight velocity dispersion profiles (sigma profiles) arepresented for 13 clusters of galaxies having at least 30 radialvelocities. The clusters considered include A2151, A1367, Virgo, A426,A1656, A2199, Cancer, A194, Fornax, A262, Centaurus, A2319, and PegasusI. All the sigma profiles are fitted to simple power laws over theradial interval from 0.1 to 2.0 times the virial radius and are found tofall into four classifications. In view of the amount of masssegregation implied, the amount of central concentration observed, andthe predominant galaxy morphology, it is suggested that theseclassifications represent a dynamical age sequence. Statistical testsare applied to two features appearing in some sigma profiles: thepresence of a local minimum that coincides with the local minimum notedin surface density or surface brightness profiles and a decrease inline-of-sight velocity dispersion in the cores of certain clusters.Possible dynamical implications of these features are discussed in termsof Wielen's (1974) N-body simulations.
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