The UZC-SSRS2 Group Catalog
We apply a friends-of-friends algorithm to the combined Updated ZwickyCatalog and Southern Sky Redshift Survey to construct a catalog of 1168groups of galaxies; 411 of these groups have five or more members withinthe redshift survey. The group catalog covers 4.69 sr, and all groupsexceed the number density contrast threshold, δρ/ρ=80. Wedemonstrate that the groups catalog is homogeneous across the twounderlying redshift surveys; the catalog of groups and their membersthus provides a basis for other statistical studies of the large-scaledistribution of groups and their physical properties. The medianphysical properties of the groups are similar to those for groupsderived from independent surveys, including the ESO Key Programme andthe Las Campanas Redshift Survey. We include tables of groups and theirmembers.
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A new list of extra-galactic radio jets
A catalogue of extra-galactic jets is very useful both in observationaland theoretical studies of active galaxies. With the use of new powerfulradio instruments, the detailed structures of very compact or weak radiosources are investigated observationally and many new radio jets aredetected. In this paper, we give a list of 661 radio sources withdetected radio jets known to us prior to the end of December 2000. Allreferences are collected for the observations of jets in radio, IR,optical, UV and X-ray wave-bands. Table 1 and references to Table 1 areonly available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/381/757
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Arcsecond Positions of UGC Galaxies
We present accurate B1950 and J2000 positions for all confirmed galaxiesin the Uppsala General Catalog (UGC). The positions were measuredvisually from Digitized Sky Survey images with rms uncertaintiesσ<=[(1.2")2+(θ/100)2]1/2,where θ is the major-axis diameter. We compared each galaxymeasured with the original UGC description to ensure high reliability.The full position list is available in the electronic version only.
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Galaxy coordinates. II. Accurate equatorial coordinates for 17298 galaxies
Using images of the Digitized Sky Survey we measured coodinates for17298 galaxies having poorly defined coordinates. As a control, wemeasured with the same method 1522 galaxies having accurate coordinates.The comparison with our own measurements shows that the accuracy of themethod is about 6 arcsec on each axis (RA and DEC).
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Groups of galaxies. III. Some empirical characteristics.
Not Available
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The fundamental plane of early-type galaxies: stellar populations and mass-to-light ratio.
We analyse the residuals to the fundamental plane (FP) of ellipticalgalaxies as a function of stellar-population indicators; these are basedon the line-strength parameter Mg_2_ and on UBVRI broad-band colors, andare partly derived from new observations. The effect of the stellarpopulations accounts for approximately half the observed variation ofthe mass-to-light ratio responsible for the FP tilt. The residual tiltcan be explained by the contribution of two additional effects: thedependence of the rotational support, and possibly that of the spatialstructure, on the luminosity. We conclude to a constancy of thedynamical-to-stellar mass ratio. This probably extends to globularclusters as well, but the dominant factor would be here the luminositydependence of the structure rather than that of the stellar population.This result also implies a constancy of the fraction of dark matter overall the scalelength covered by stellar systems. Our compilation ofinternal stellar kinematics of galaxies is appended.
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A Catalog of Stellar Velocity Dispersions. II. 1994 Update
A catalog of central velocity dispersion measurements is presented,current through 1993 September. The catalog includes 2474 measurementsof 1563 galaxies. A standard set of 86 galaxies is defined, consistingof galaxies with at least three reliable, concordant measurements. It issuggested that future studies observe some of these standard galaxies sothat different studies can be normalized to a consistent system. Allmeasurements are reduced to a normalized system using these standards.
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A finding list of extragalactic radio jets and statistical results
Extragalactic radio jets are a common phenomenon. Many more jets havebeen found since Bridle and Perley (1984) reviewed the subject. In thispaper, we list 276 radio jets known in December 1989. We investigate theratio of jet emission to core flux as a function of core luminosity andcompare it with the fraction of detections of jets given by Bridle andPerley. We find them to be consistent.
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UGC galaxies stronger than 25 mJy at 4.85 GHz
UGC galaxies in the declination band +5 to +75 deg were identified byposition coincidence with radio sources stronger than 25 mJy on theGreen Bank 4.85 GHz sky maps. Candidate identifications were confirmedor rejected with the aid of published aperture-synthesis maps and new4.86 GHz VLA maps having 15 or 18 arcsec resolution, resulting in asample of 347 nearby radio galaxies plus five new quasar-galaxy pairs.The radio energy sources in UGC galaxies were classified as 'starbursts'or 'monsters' on the basis of their infrared-radio flux ratios, infraredspectral indices, and radio morphologies. The rms scatter in thelogarithmic infrared-radio ratio q is not more than 0.16 for starburstgalaxies selected at 4.85 GHz. Radio spectral indices were obtained fornearly all of the UGC galaxies, and S0 galaxies account for adisproportionate share of the compact flat-spectrum (alpha less than0.5) radio sources. The extended radio jets and lobes produced bymonsters are preferentially, but not exclusively, aligned within about30 deg of the optical minor axes of their host galaxies. The tendencytoward minor-axis ejection appears to be independent of radio-sourcesize and is strongest for elliptical galaxies.
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Radio-emission spectra and surface brightnesses of radio galaxies
It is shown that radio galaxies with flat radio-emission spectra have,on the average, significantly higher optical surface brightness thanradio galaxies with steep spectra. The results obtained also suggestthat radio galaxies with flat spectra are in a more active phase ofevolution than galaxies with steep spectra. Intense star-formationprocesses appear to be occurring in the galaxies with flat spectra.
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CCD surface photometry of radio galaxies. I - FR class I and II sources
CCD surface photometry for 47 radio galaxies in the R-band is used tostudy the differences between Fanaroff and Riley (1974) class I andclass II sources. Definitions are developed for classical double, twinjet, and fat double sources. It is shown that classical double sourcesare generally associated with normal giant elliptical galaxies which areconsiderably fainter than first-rank galaxies in rich clusters. It isfound that twin jet and fat double sources are associated with brightergalaxies. It is suggested that classical doubles (FR class II) do notnormally evolve into twin jet (FR class I) sources, because the twotypes of sources are associated with different galaxies.
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On the relationship between radio emission and optical properties in early-type galaxies
To study the origin of radio activity in early-type galaxies, thepossible dependence of their radio emission on basic optical parameters,such as the absolute magnitude, the central velocity dispersion sigma,and the mean surface brightness mu is explored. A sample of 743 E and SOgalaxies is used which is based on three independent radio surveys ofoptically selected galaxies with virtually complete information onmagnitudes, morphological types, redshift distances, diameters, andradio fluxes. For both E and SO galaxies, only the absolute magnitudeappears to be directly related to the radio activity, while sigma and mudo not. Also, a significant dependence of the apparent flattening onradio power is confirmed for E galaxies. Some relevant implications ofthese results are discussed.
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Radio identifications of UGC galaxies - Starbursts and monsters
New and previously published observational data on galaxies withdeclination less than +82 deg from the Uppsala General Catalog (Nilson,1973) are compiled in extensive tables and characterized in detail.Optical positions are confirmed by measurement of Palomar Sky Survey Oprints, and radio identifications for 176 galaxies are made on the basisof 1.4-GHz Green Bank sky maps or 1.49-GHz observations obtained withthe C configuration of the VLA in November-December 1986; contour mapsbased on the latter observations are provided. Radio-selected andIR-selected galaxy populations are found to be similar (and distinctfrom optically selected populations), and three radio/IR criteria aredeveloped to distinguish galaxies powered by starbursts from those withsupermassive black holes or other 'monster' energy sources.
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Radio sources in giant E and S0 galaxies
An optically selected sample of 67 giant E and S0 galaxies has beenobserved with radio telescopes of high sensitivity to low-brightnessemission. Correlations between radio emission and galaxy type andbetween radio emission and environment are confirmed, and the fractionof E galaxies with M(B) less than -21.75 that have radio powers Pgreater than 10 to the 23rd W/Hz at 2380 MHz is found to be 0.4 + or -0.1. For all of the 19 sources with P greater than 10 to the 23rd W/Hzthere is evidence on high-resolution maps of continuing centralactivity. Sensitive observations at 151 MHz are used to put limits onthe number of steep-spectrum radio sources, which may be relics of pastactivity in other sample galaxies, more effectively than has previouslybeen possible. Based on the expected lifetime at 151 MHz of radiativelydecaying sources, the time-scale over which typical radio galaxiesremain active is determined to be greater than a few billion yr. This isin conflict with the small linear sizes of many radio sources in thissample, and it is likely that other effects (such as expansion losses inunconfined sources) render the older parts of these objects invisible.
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A catalog of stellar velocity dispersions. I - Compilation and standard galaxies
A catalog of central stellar velocity dispersion measurements ispresented, current through June 1984. The catalog includes 1096measurements of 725 galaxies. A set of 51 standard galaxies is definedwhich consists of galaxies with at least three reliable, concordantmeasurements. It is suggested that future studies observed some of thesestandard galaxies in the course of their observations so that differentstudies can be normalized to the same system. Previous studies arecompared with the derived standards to determine relative accuracies andto compute scale factors where necessary.
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The effect of local galaxy density on the production of powerful radio sources by early-type galaxies
The local galaxy density around 47 radio-loud steep-spectrum ellipticaland lenticular galaxies (with log P greater than or equal to 22.2 at 2.4GHz) and around 46 distance, luminosity, and type matched radio-quietgalaxies is investigated statistically on the basis of Palomar SkySurvey plates and digital images obtained with a CCD camera on the 91-cmtelescope at KPNO during March, 1983. The data are presented in tablesand histograms, and it is found that the density measures aresignificantly higher for radio-loud galaxies, even when possibleselection effects are considered. These findings are interpreted asstrong evidence for a unified galactic-interaction model of nuclearactivity applicable to a wide range of extragalactic objects.
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Mass-to-light ratio of elliptical galaxies
Two virial formulas, which take into account the observed flattening,are established for oblate ellipticals obeying the r to the 1/4th powerlaw and used to derive the mean mass to light ratios in their centralpart. One of them, which requires the knowledge of only one kinematicalparameter, the central (stellar) velocity dispersion, is applied to 197ellipticals. The other one, which uses in addition the maximum stellarrotation velocity, is shown to be less sensitive to the unknown trueflattenings and to possible velocity anisotropies. It is applied to 30ellipticals. Both methods give a mean blue mass to luminosity ratio ofabout 13, without any clear correlation with the absolute luminosity ofthe galaxy.
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Structure of superclusters and superclusters formation. IV Spatial distribution of clusters of galaxies in the Coma supercluster and its large-scale environment
The Coma-A1367 Supercluster and its large-scale environment areinvestigated. The Zwicky et al. (1961-68) clusters are used assupercluster tracers; superclusters are defined not by visual impressionbut on the basis of cluster analysis. Attention is restricted to an areaof the sky where RA is between 9h and 15h, with Dec. greater than -3deg. Clustering analysis is applied to study the spatial distribution.At neighborhood radii R = 15-25 Mpc (for Hubble constant H = 50 km per sper Mpc), the clusters form chains and superclusters of galaxies. It isnoted that at R = 26-28 Mpc, superclusters merge to a single connectednetwork. Cluster chains link the Coma-A1367 Supercluster with the LocalSupercluster, A779, and Hercules Superclusters. The Coma-A1367Supercluster comprises four cluster chains, and its diameter is greaterthan 100 Mpc. It is noted that a typical cluster chain has eight Zwickyclusters and is 80 Mpc in length. Most, if not all, of the clusters formconnected systems. Empty regions devoid of clusters have diameters up to100 Mpc in this region of the sky. The morphology distribution of brightgalaxies and the mean absolute magnitude of first ranked galaxies inZwicky clusters are found to be similar to the respective quantities inAbell clusters.
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The bivariant luminosity function for isolated galaxy pairs
The radio observations of Stocke et al. (1978) on isolated galaxy pairsfrom the catalog of Karachentsev (1972) are analyzed using the method ofArakelyan (1984) to calculate the optical/radio bivariant luminosityfunctions (BLFs). The results are presented in tables and graphs andcharacterized statistically. The discrepancy between the BLFs of type EEpairs and those of ES/SE or SS pairs is attributed to pseudopairing inthe EE pairs, and the number density of the radio pairs is found to beabout 0.0004/cu Mpc, as compared to 0.004/cu Mpc for all pairedgalaxies.
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Extragalactic Radio Jets
Not Available
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A correlation between ellipticity and core-strength in extended radio galaxies
It is shown that in the case of extended radio sources a correlationexists between the fraction of the radio flux retained in the corecomponent and the ellipticity of the underlying galaxy. The correlationis in the sense that stronger cores occur in flatter galaxies. It wouldseem that there exists a class of intrinsically rounder, redder, massiveellipticals with larger velocity dispersions and metallicities, that canform extended radio sources more efficiently. Thus the occurrence of aradio source appears to be related to the dynamical and chemicalevolution of the Galaxy.
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Sidedness, field configuration, and collimation of extragalactic radio jets
Data on 125 extragalactic radio jets are used to show that those insources with total powers approximately equal to or less than 10 to the(24.5) power W/Hz at 1.4 GHz (or, equivalently, core powers less than 10to the 23rd W/Hz at 5 GHz) are generally two sided and dominated byperpendicular magnetic field components over most of their lengths. Incontrast, those in sources with larger total and core powers aregenerally one sided and dominated by parallel magnetic field componentsover most of their lengths. The resolved jets in the weaker sourcesgenerally have faster lateral expansion (spreading) rates than those inthe more powerful sources.
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A survey of galaxy redshifts. IV - The data
The complete list of the best available radial velocities for the 2401galaxies in the merged Zwicky-Nilson catalog brighter than 14.5mz and with b (II) above +40 deg or below -30 deg ispresented. Almost 60 percent of the redshifts are from the CfA surveyand are accurate to typically 35 km/s.
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Radio emission and the masses of elliptical galaxies
Previous work has demonstrated that the probability of an ellipticalgalaxy exhibiting radio emission is strongly correlated with its opticalluminosity. Existing radio and optical data are analyzed to show that ata given optical luminosity radio-loud ellipticals have largermass-to-light ratios than do radio-quiet ellipticals. The most simpleand plausible interpretation of this result is that the ability toproduce radio emission correlates more directly with galaxy mass thanwith galaxy luminosity for ellipticals. The ability of an ellipticalgalaxy to collimate its ejecta and the efficacy with which this ejectaproduces radio emission are probably both enhanced if the elliptical isimmersed in a dense gaseous halo. Such a halo is most likely to exist inthe deep potential well of a massive elliptical.
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Radio observations of early-type galaxies
A complete sample of 34 nearby early-type galaxies, based on the Arecibosurvey by Dressel and Condon (1978) of objects from the Uppsala GeneralCatalogue, has now been mapped at radio frequencies. New data arepresented for 23 galaxies in the sample, and references are given topublished maps of the remainder. The majority of the sources show strongjet-like structures, but others remain unresolved. These latter occurprimarily in galaxies classed as S0 in the UGC. A strong correlationbetween radio luminosity and size has been found with log P (2.7 GHz)between 23.0 and 25.0. This correlation is in the sense that weaksources are confined within the optical extent of their parent galaxies,whereas strong sources generally attain large sizes. A tentativeexplanation of this tendency is offered in terms of the flowinstabilities in beams of energetic particles passing through densemedia.
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Double galaxy investigations. I - Observations
Redshift information from 240 A/mm spectrograms is presented for 370double arcsec galaxy systems from the Karachentsev (1972) catalog,including all pairs in that catalog with separation less than 80 arcsec.An extensive error discussion utilizing internal and external (21 cm)comparisons provides calibration of systematic error and determines theuncertainty for a typical high weight optical redshift to be plus orminus 65 km/sec. Internal differential redshifts within single spectrausing common lines achieve accuracies of 18-30 km/sec, depending uponseparation, and are available for about 200 pairs. Extensive informationon emission and other properties is also provided.
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Redshifts of 31 bright galaxies
Optical spectroscopy of 31 bright galaxies, most of which are among theUGC galaxies detected at 2380 MHz by Dressel and Condon (1978), isreported. The observations were made at the McDonald Observatory withthe 2.7-m NASA reflector (except for UGC 3915, 4752, 5507, and 9357, forwhich the 2.1-m Struve reflector was used).
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